GNU bash, version 4.1.2(1)-release-(x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu)
Usage: bash [GNU long option] [option]...
bash [GNU long option] [option] script-file...
GNU long options:
--debug
--debugger
--dump-po-strings
--dump-strings
--help
--init-file
--login
--noediting
--noprofile
--norc
--posix
--protected
--rcfile
--rpm-requires
--restricted
--verbose
--version
Shell options:
-irsD or -c command or -O shopt_option (invocation only)
-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP or -o option
Type `bash -c "help set"' for more information about shell options.
Type `bash -c help' for more information about shell builtin commands.
2. cat
Usage: cat [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.
-A, --show-all equivalent to -vET
-b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines
-e equivalent to -vE
-E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line
-n, --number number all output lines
-s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines
-t equivalent to -vT
-T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I
-u (ignored)
-v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Examples:
cat f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents.
cat Copy standard input to standard output.
Report cat bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'cat invocation'
3. chgrp
Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
or: chgrp [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
Change the group of each FILE to GROUP.
With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE.
-c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made
--dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is
the default), rather than the symbolic link itself
-h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced
file (useful only on systems that can change the
ownership of a symlink)
--no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default)
--preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/'
-f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages
--reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a
GROUP value
-R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively
-v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed
The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R
option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final
one takes effect.
-H if a command line argument is a symbolic link
to a directory, traverse it
-L traverse every symbolic link to a directory
encountered
-P do not traverse any symbolic links (default)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Examples:
chgrp staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff".
chgrp -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff".
Report chgrp bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'chgrp invocation'
4. chmod
Usage: chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
or: chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE...
or: chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
Change the mode of each FILE to MODE.
-c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made
--no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default)
--preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/'
-f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages
-v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed
--reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values
-R, --recursive change files and directories recursively
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'.
Report chmod bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'chmod invocation'
5. chown
Usage: chown [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE...
or: chown [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE.
-c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made
--dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is
the default), rather than the symbolic link itself
-h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced
file (useful only on systems that can change the
ownership of a symlink)
--from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP
change the owner and/or group of each file only if
its current owner and/or group match those specified
here. Either may be omitted, in which case a match
is not required for the omitted attribute.
--no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default)
--preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/'
-f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages
--reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than
specifying OWNER:GROUP values
-R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively
-v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed
The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R
option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final
one takes effect.
-H if a command line argument is a symbolic link
to a directory, traverse it
-L traverse every symbolic link to a directory
encountered
-P do not traverse any symbolic links (default)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed
to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER.
OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic.
Examples:
chown root /u Change the owner of /u to "root".
chown root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff".
chown -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root".
Report chown bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'chown invocation'
6. cp
Usage: cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
or: cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all
--backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file
-b like --backup but does not accept an argument
--copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive
-d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links
-f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be
opened, remove it and try again (redundant if
the -n option is used)
-i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n
option)
-H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE
-l, --link link files instead of copying
-L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE
-n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides
a previous -i option)
-P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE
-p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps
--preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default:
mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible
additional attributes: context, links, xattr,
all
-c same as --preserve=context
--no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes
--parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY
-R, -r, --recursive copy directories recursively
--reflink[=WHEN] control clone/CoW copies. See below.
--remove-destination remove each existing destination file before
attempting to open it (contrast with --force)
--sparse=WHEN control creation of sparse files. See below.
--strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE
argument
-s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying
-S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix
-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY
-T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file
-u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer
than the destination file or when the
destination file is missing
-v, --verbose explain what is being done
-x, --one-file-system stay on this file system
-Z, --context=CONTEXT set security context of copy to CONTEXT
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the
corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior
selected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST
file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes.
Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files.
When --reflink[=always] is specified, perform a lightweight copy, where the
data blocks are copied only when modified. If this is not possible the copy
fails, or if --reflink=auto is specified, fall back to a standard copy.
The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.
The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through
the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values:
none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given)
numbered, t make numbered backups
existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise
simple, never always make simple backups
As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup
options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing,
regular file.
Report cp bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'cp invocation'
7. cpio
Usage: cpio [OPTION...] [destination-directory]
GNU `cpio' copies files to and from archives
Examples:
# Copy files named in name-list to the archive
cpio -o < name-list [> archive]
# Extract files from the archive
cpio -i [< archive]
# Copy files named in name-list to destination-directory
cpio -p destination-directory < name-list
Main operation mode:
-i, --extract Extract files from an archive (run in copy-in
mode)
-o, --create Create the archive (run in copy-out mode)
-p, --pass-through Run in copy-pass mode
-t, --list Print a table of contents of the input
Operation modifiers valid in any mode:
--block-size=BLOCK-SIZE Set the I/O block size to BLOCK-SIZE * 512
bytes
-B Set the I/O block size to 5120 bytes
-c Identical to "-H newc", use the new (SVR4)
portable format.If you wish the old portable
(ASCII) archive format, use "-H odc" instead.
-C, --io-size=NUMBER Set the I/O block size to the given NUMBER of
bytes
--force-local Archive file is local, even if its name contains
colons
-f, --nonmatching Only copy files that do not match any of the given
patterns
-F, --file=[[USER@]HOST:]FILE-NAME
Use this FILE-NAME instead of standard input or
output. Optional USER and HOST specify the user
and host names in case of a remote archive
-H, --format=FORMAT Use given archive FORMAT
-M, --message=STRING Print STRING when the end of a volume of the
backup media is reached
-n, --numeric-uid-gid In the verbose table of contents listing, show
numeric UID and GID
--quiet Do not print the number of blocks copied
--rsh-command=COMMAND Use remote COMMAND instead of rsh
-v, --verbose Verbosely list the files processed
-V, --dot Print a "." for each file processed
-W, --warning=FLAG Control warning display. Currently FLAG is one of
'none', 'truncate', 'all'. Multiple options
accumulate.
Operation modifiers valid only in copy-in mode:
-b, --swap Swap both halfwords of words and bytes of
halfwords in the data. Equivalent to -sS
-r, --rename Interactively rename files
-s, --swap-bytes Swap the bytes of each halfword in the files
-S, --swap-halfwords Swap the halfwords of each word (4 bytes) in the
files
--to-stdout Extract files to standard output
-E, --pattern-file=FILE Read additional patterns specifying filenames to
extract or list from FILE
--only-verify-crc When reading a CRC format archive, only verify the
CRC's of each file in the archive, don't actually
extract the files
Operation modifiers valid only in copy-out mode:
-A, --append Append to an existing archive.
-O [[USER@]HOST:]FILE-NAME Archive filename to use instead of standard
output. Optional USER and HOST specify the user
and host names in case of a remote archive
Operation modifiers valid only in copy-pass mode:
-l, --link Link files instead of copying them, when
possible
Operation modifiers valid in copy-in and copy-out modes:
--absolute-filenames Do not strip file system prefix components from
the file names
--no-absolute-filenames Create all files relative to the current
directory
Operation modifiers valid in copy-out and copy-pass modes:
-0, --null A list of filenames is terminated by a null
character instead of a newline
-a, --reset-access-time Reset the access times of files after reading
them
-I [[USER@]HOST:]FILE-NAME Archive filename to use instead of standard input.
Optional USER and HOST specify the user and host
names in case of a remote archive
-L, --dereference Dereference symbolic links (copy the files
that they point to instead of copying the links).
-R, --owner=[USER][:.][GROUP] Set the ownership of all files created to the
specified USER and/or GROUP
Operation modifiers valid in copy-in and copy-pass modes:
-d, --make-directories Create leading directories where needed
-m, --preserve-modification-time
Retain previous file modification times when
creating files
--no-preserve-owner Do not change the ownership of the files
--sparse Write files with large blocks of zeros as sparse
files
-u, --unconditional Replace all files unconditionally
Informative options:
-?, --help Give this help list
--license Print license and exit
--usage Give a short usage message
--version Print program version
Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
for any corresponding short options.
Report bugs to <bug-cpio@gnu.org>.
8. tcsh
tcsh 6.17.00 (Astron) 2009-07-10 (x86_64-unknown-linux) options wide,nls,dl,al,kan,sm,rh,color,filec
-b file batch mode, read and execute commands from `file'
-c command run `command' from next argument
-d load directory stack from `~/.cshdirs'
-Dname[=value] define environment variable `name' to `value' (DomainOS only)
-e exit on any error
-f start faster by ignoring the start-up file
-F use fork() instead of vfork() when spawning (ConvexOS only)
-i interactive, even when input is not from a terminal
-l act as a login shell, must be the only option specified
-m load the start-up file, whether or not owned by effective user
-n file no execute mode, just check syntax of the following `file'
-q accept SIGQUIT for running under a debugger
-s read commands from standard input
-t read one line from standard input
-v echo commands after history substitution
-V like -v but including commands read from the start-up file
-x echo commands immediately before execution
-X like -x but including commands read from the start-up file
--help print this message and exit
--version print the version shell variable and exit
See the tcsh(1) manual page for detailed information.
9. cut
Usage: cut OPTION... [FILE]...
Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes
-c, --characters=LIST select only these characters
-d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter
-f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line
that contains no delimiter character, unless
the -s option is specified
-n with -b: don't split multibyte characters
--complement complement the set of selected bytes, characters
or fields
-s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters
--output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter
the default is to use the input delimiter
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one
range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written
in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once.
Each range is one of:
N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1
N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line
N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field
-M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Report cut bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'cut invocation'
10. date
Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
or: date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
-d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now'
-f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE
-r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE
-R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format.
Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600
--rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format.
TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for
date and time to the indicated precision.
Date and time components are separated by
a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00
-s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING
-u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are:
%% a literal %
%a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun)
%A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday)
%b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan)
%B locale's full month name (e.g., January)
%c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005)
%C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20)
%d day of month (e.g, 01)
%D date; same as %m/%d/%y
%e day of month, space padded; same as %_d
%F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d
%g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G)
%G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V
%h same as %b
%H hour (00..23)
%I hour (01..12)
%j day of year (001..366)
%k hour ( 0..23)
%l hour ( 1..12)
%m month (01..12)
%M minute (00..59)
%n a newline
%N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999)
%p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known
%P like %p, but lower case
%r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM)
%R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M
%s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC
%S second (00..60)
%t a tab
%T time; same as %H:%M:%S
%u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday
%U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53)
%V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53)
%w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday
%W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53)
%x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99)
%X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48)
%y last two digits of year (00..99)
%Y year
%z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400)
%:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00)
%::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00)
%:::z numeric time zone with: to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30)
%Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT)
By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes.
The following optional flags may follow `%':
- (hyphen) do not pad the field
_ (underscore) pad with spaces
0 (zero) pad with zeros
^ use upper case if possible
# use opposite case if possible
After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number;
then an optional modifier, which is either
E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or
O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available.
Report date bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'date invocation'
11. dd
Usage: dd [OPERAND]...
or: dd OPTION
Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands.
bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=)
cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time
conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list
count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks
ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512)
if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin
iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list
obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512)
of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout
oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list
seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output
skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input
status=WHICH WHICH info to suppress outputting to stderr;
'noxfer' suppresses transfer stats, 'none' suppresses all
BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes:
c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M
GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.
Each CONV symbol may be:
ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII
ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC
ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC
block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size
unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline
lcase change upper case to lower case
nocreat do not create the output file
excl fail if the output file already exists
notrunc do not truncate the output file
ucase change lower case to upper case
sparse try to seek rather than write the output for NUL input blocks
swab swap every pair of input bytes
noerror continue after read errors
sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used
with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs
fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing
fsync likewise, but also write metadata
Each FLAG symbol may be:
append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested)
direct use direct I/O for data
directory fail unless a directory
dsync use synchronized I/O for data
sync likewise, but also for metadata
fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only)
nonblock use non-blocking I/O
noatime do not update access time
noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file
nofollow do not follow symlinks
Sending a USR1 signal to a running `dd' process makes it
print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying.
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$!
$ kill -USR1 $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid
18335302+0 records in
18335302+0 records out
9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s
Options are:
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report dd bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'dd invocation'
12. df
Usage: df [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides,
or all file systems by default.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all include dummy file systems
-B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks
--direct show statistics for a file instead of mount point
--total produce a grand total
-h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
-H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage
-k like --block-size=1K
-l, --local limit listing to local file systems
--no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default)
-P, --portability use the POSIX output format
--sync invoke sync before getting usage info
-t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE
-T, --print-type print file system type
-x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE
-v (ignored)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size,
and the DF_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables.
Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set).
SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following:
KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
Report df bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'df invocation'
13. ed
GNU Ed - The GNU line editor.
Usage: ed [options] [file]
Options:
-h, --help display this help and exit
-V, --version output version information and exit
-G, --traditional run in compatibility mode
-l, --loose-exit-status exit with 0 status even if a command fails
-p, --prompt=STRING use STRING as an interactive prompt
-s, --quiet, --silent suppress diagnostics
-v, --verbose be verbose
Start edit by reading in `file' if given. Read output of shell command
if `file' begins with a `!'.
Report bugs to.
Ed home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/ed/ed.html
14. egrep
Usage: egrep [OPTION]... PATTERN [FILE]...
Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.
PATTERN is an extended regular expression (ERE).
Example: egrep -i 'hello world' menu.h main.c
Regexp selection and interpretation:
-e, --regexp=PATTERN use PATTERN for matching
-f, --file=FILE obtain PATTERN from FILE
-i, --ignore-case ignore case distinctions
-w, --word-regexp force PATTERN to match only whole words
-x, --line-regexp force PATTERN to match only whole lines
-z, --null-data a data line ends in 0 byte, not newline
Miscellaneous:
-s, --no-messages suppress error messages
-v, --invert-match select non-matching lines
-V, --version print version information and exit
--help display this help and exit
--mmap ignored for backwards compatibility
Output control:
-m, --max-count=NUM stop after NUM matches
-b, --byte-offset print the byte offset with output lines
-n, --line-number print line number with output lines
--line-buffered flush output on every line
-H, --with-filename print the filename for each match
-h, --no-filename suppress the prefixing filename on output
--label=LABEL print LABEL as filename for standard input
-o, --only-matching show only the part of a line matching PATTERN
-q, --quiet, --silent suppress all normal output
--binary-files=TYPE assume that binary files are TYPE;
TYPE is `binary', `text', or `without-match'
-a, --text equivalent to --binary-files=text
-I equivalent to --binary-files=without-match
-d, --directories=ACTION how to handle directories;
ACTION is `read', `recurse', or `skip'
-D, --devices=ACTION how to handle devices, FIFOs and sockets;
ACTION is `read' or `skip'
-R, -r, --recursive equivalent to --directories=recurse
--include=FILE_PATTERN search only files that match FILE_PATTERN
--exclude=FILE_PATTERN skip files and directories matching FILE_PATTERN
--exclude-from=FILE skip files matching any file pattern from FILE
--exclude-dir=PATTERN directories that match PATTERN will be skipped.
-L, --files-without-match print only names of FILEs containing no match
-l, --files-with-matches print only names of FILEs containing matches
-c, --count print only a count of matching lines per FILE
-T, --initial-tab make tabs line up (if needed)
-Z, --null print 0 byte after FILE name
Context control:
-B, --before-context=NUM print NUM lines of leading context
-A, --after-context=NUM print NUM lines of trailing context
-C, --context=NUM print NUM lines of output context
-NUM same as --context=NUM
--color[=WHEN],
--colour[=WHEN] use markers to highlight the matching strings;
WHEN is `always', `never', or `auto'
-U, --binary do not strip CR characters at EOL (MSDOS)
-u, --unix-byte-offsets report offsets as if CRs were not there (MSDOS)
Invocation as `egrep' is deprecated; use `grep -E' instead.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. If less than two FILEs
are given, assume -h. Exit status is 0 if any line was selected, 1 otherwise;
if any error occurs and -q was not given, the exit status is 2.
Report bugs to: bug-grep@gnu.org
GNU Grep home page:
General help using GNU software:
15. env
Usage: env [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...]
Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND.
-i, --ignore-environment start with an empty environment
-0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline
-u, --unset=NAME remove variable from the environment
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment.
Report env bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'env invocation'
16. vim
VIM - Vi IMproved 7.2 (2008 Aug 9, compiled Apr 5 2012 10:17:30)
usage: vim [arguments] [file..] edit specified file(s)
or: vim [arguments] - read text from stdin
or: vim [arguments] -t tag edit file where tag is defined
or: vim [arguments] -q [errorfile] edit file with first error
Arguments:
-- Only file names after this
-v Vi mode (like "vi")
-e Ex mode (like "ex")
-s Silent (batch) mode (only for "ex")
-d Diff mode (like "vimdiff")
-y Easy mode (like "evim", modeless)
-R Readonly mode (like "view")
-Z Restricted mode (like "rvim")
-m Modifications (writing files) not allowed
-M Modifications in text not allowed
-b Binary mode
-l Lisp mode
-C Compatible with Vi: 'compatible'
-N Not fully Vi compatible: 'nocompatible'
-V[N][fname] Be verbose [level N] [log messages to fname]
-D Debugging mode
-n No swap file, use memory only
-r List swap files and exit
-r (with file name) Recover crashed session
-L Same as -r
-A start in Arabic mode
-H Start in Hebrew mode
-F Start in Farsi mode
-T Set terminal type to
-u Use instead of any.vimrc
--noplugin Don't load plugin scripts
-p[N] Open N tab pages (default: one for each file)
-o[N] Open N windows (default: one for each file)
-O[N] Like -o but split vertically
+ Start at end of file
+ Start at line
--cmd Execute before loading any vimrc file
-c Execute after loading the first file
-S Source file after loading the first file
-s Read Normal mode commands from file
-w Append all typed commands to file
-W Write all typed commands to file
-x Edit encrypted files
--startuptime Write startup timing messages to
-i Use instead of.viminfo
-h or --help Print Help (this message) and exit
--version Print version information and exit
17. fgrep
Usage: fgrep [OPTION]... PATTERN [FILE]...
Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.
PATTERN is a set of newline-separated fixed strings.
Example: fgrep -i 'hello world' menu.h main.c
Regexp selection and interpretation:
-e, --regexp=PATTERN use PATTERN for matching
-f, --file=FILE obtain PATTERN from FILE
-i, --ignore-case ignore case distinctions
-w, --word-regexp force PATTERN to match only whole words
-x, --line-regexp force PATTERN to match only whole lines
-z, --null-data a data line ends in 0 byte, not newline
Miscellaneous:
-s, --no-messages suppress error messages
-v, --invert-match select non-matching lines
-V, --version print version information and exit
--help display this help and exit
--mmap ignored for backwards compatibility
Output control:
-m, --max-count=NUM stop after NUM matches
-b, --byte-offset print the byte offset with output lines
-n, --line-number print line number with output lines
--line-buffered flush output on every line
-H, --with-filename print the filename for each match
-h, --no-filename suppress the prefixing filename on output
--label=LABEL print LABEL as filename for standard input
-o, --only-matching show only the part of a line matching PATTERN
-q, --quiet, --silent suppress all normal output
--binary-files=TYPE assume that binary files are TYPE;
TYPE is `binary', `text', or `without-match'
-a, --text equivalent to --binary-files=text
-I equivalent to --binary-files=without-match
-d, --directories=ACTION how to handle directories;
ACTION is `read', `recurse', or `skip'
-D, --devices=ACTION how to handle devices, FIFOs and sockets;
ACTION is `read' or `skip'
-R, -r, --recursive equivalent to --directories=recurse
--include=FILE_PATTERN search only files that match FILE_PATTERN
--exclude=FILE_PATTERN skip files and directories matching FILE_PATTERN
--exclude-from=FILE skip files matching any file pattern from FILE
--exclude-dir=PATTERN directories that match PATTERN will be skipped.
-L, --files-without-match print only names of FILEs containing no match
-l, --files-with-matches print only names of FILEs containing matches
-c, --count print only a count of matching lines per FILE
-T, --initial-tab make tabs line up (if needed)
-Z, --null print 0 byte after FILE name
Context control:
-B, --before-context=NUM print NUM lines of leading context
-A, --after-context=NUM print NUM lines of trailing context
-C, --context=NUM print NUM lines of output context
-NUM same as --context=NUM
--color[=WHEN],
--colour[=WHEN] use markers to highlight the matching strings;
WHEN is `always', `never', or `auto'
-U, --binary do not strip CR characters at EOL (MSDOS)
-u, --unix-byte-offsets report offsets as if CRs were not there (MSDOS)
Invocation as `fgrep' is deprecated; use `grep -F' instead.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. If less than two FILEs
are given, assume -h. Exit status is 0 if any line was selected, 1 otherwise;
if any error occurs and -q was not given, the exit status is 2.
Report bugs to: bug-grep@gnu.org
GNU Grep home page:
General help using GNU software:
18. find
Usage: find [-H] [-L] [-P] [-Olevel] [-D help|tree|search|stat|rates|opt|exec] [path...] [expression]
default path is the current directory; default expression is -print
expression may consist of: operators, options, tests, and actions:
operators (decreasing precedence; -and is implicit where no others are given):
( EXPR )! EXPR -not EXPR EXPR1 -a EXPR2 EXPR1 -and EXPR2
EXPR1 -o EXPR2 EXPR1 -or EXPR2 EXPR1, EXPR2
positional options (always true): -daystart -follow -regextype
normal options (always true, specified before other expressions):
-depth --help -maxdepth LEVELS -mindepth LEVELS -mount -noleaf
--version -xdev -ignore_readdir_race -noignore_readdir_race
tests (N can be +N or -N or N): -amin N -anewer FILE -atime N -cmin N
-cnewer FILE -ctime N -empty -false -fstype TYPE -gid N -group NAME
-ilname PATTERN -iname PATTERN -inum N -iwholename PATTERN -iregex PATTERN
-links N -lname PATTERN -mmin N -mtime N -name PATTERN -newer FILE
-nouser -nogroup -path PATTERN -perm [+-]MODE -regex PATTERN
-readable -writable -executable
-wholename PATTERN -size N[bcwkMG] -true -type [bcdpflsD] -uid N
-used N -user NAME -xtype [bcdpfls]
-context CONTEXT
actions: -delete -print0 -printf FORMAT -fprintf FILE FORMAT -print
-fprint0 FILE -fprint FILE -ls -fls FILE -prune -quit
-exec COMMAND; -exec COMMAND {} + -ok COMMAND;
-execdir COMMAND; -execdir COMMAND {} + -okdir COMMAND;
Report (and track progress on fixing) bugs via the findutils bug-reporting
page at https://savannah.gnu.org/ or, if you have no web access, by sending
email to.
19. findmnt
Usage:
findmnt [options]
findmnt [options] |
findmnt [options]
findmnt [options] [--source ] [--target ]
Options:
-s, --fstab search in static table of filesystems
-m, --mtab search in table of mounted filesystems
-k, --kernel search in kernel table of mounted
filesystems (default)
-c, --canonicalize canonicalize printed paths
-d, --direction search direction - 'forward' or 'backward'
-e, --evaluate print all TAGs (LABEL/UUID) evaluated
-f, --first-only print the first found filesystem only
-h, --help print this help
-i, --invert invert sense of matching
-l, --list use list format output
-n, --noheadings don't print headings
-u, --notruncate don't truncate text in columns
-O, --options limit the set of filesystems by mount options
-o, --output output columns
-r, --raw use raw format output
-a, --ascii use ascii chars for tree formatting
-t, --types limit the set of filesystem by FS types
-v, --nofsroot don't print [/dir] for bind or btrfs mounts
-R, --submounts print all submount for the matching filesystems
-S, --source device, LABEL= or UUID=device
-T, --target mountpoint
Available columns:
SOURCE TARGET FSTYPE
OPTIONS VFS-OPTIONS FS-OPTIONS
LABEL UUID MAJ:MIN
For more information see findmnt(1).
20. gawk
Usage: gawk [POSIX or GNU style options] -f progfile [--] file...
Usage: gawk [POSIX or GNU style options] [--] 'program' file...
POSIX options: GNU long options:
-f progfile --file=progfile
-F fs --field-separator=fs
-v var=val --assign=var=val
-m[fr] val
-O --optimize
-W compat --compat
-W copyleft --copyleft
-W copyright --copyright
-W dump-variables[=file] --dump-variables[=file]
-W exec=file --exec=file
-W gen-po --gen-po
-W help --help
-W lint[=fatal] --lint[=fatal]
-W lint-old --lint-old
-W non-decimal-data --non-decimal-data
-W profile[=file] --profile[=file]
-W posix --posix
-W re-interval --re-interval
-W source=program-text --source=program-text
-W traditional --traditional
-W usage --usage
-W use-lc-numeric --use-lc-numeric
-W version --version
To report bugs, see node `Bugs' in `gawk.info', which is
section `Reporting Problems and Bugs' in the printed version.
gawk is a pattern scanning and processing language.
By default it reads standard input and writes standard output.
Examples:
gawk '{ sum += $1 }; END { print sum }' file
gawk -F: '{ print $1 }' /etc/passwd
21. gettext
Usage: gettext [OPTION] [[TEXTDOMAIN] MSGID]
or: gettext [OPTION] -s [MSGID]...
Display native language translation of a textual message.
-d, --domain=TEXTDOMAIN retrieve translated messages from TEXTDOMAIN
-e enable expansion of some escape sequences
-E (ignored for compatibility)
-h, --help display this help and exit
-n suppress trailing newline
-V, --version display version information and exit
[TEXTDOMAIN] MSGID retrieve translated message corresponding
to MSGID from TEXTDOMAIN
If the TEXTDOMAIN parameter is not given, the domain is determined from the
environment variable TEXTDOMAIN. If the message catalog is not found in the
regular directory, another location can be specified with the environment
variable TEXTDOMAINDIR.
When used with the -s option the program behaves like the `echo' command.
But it does not simply copy its arguments to stdout. Instead those messages
found in the selected catalog are translated.
Standard search directory: /usr/share/locale
Report bugs to.
22. grep
Usage: grep [OPTION]... PATTERN [FILE]...
Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.
PATTERN is, by default, a basic regular expression (BRE).
Example: grep -i 'hello world' menu.h main.c
Regexp selection and interpretation:
-E, --extended-regexp PATTERN is an extended regular expression (ERE)
-F, --fixed-strings PATTERN is a set of newline-separated fixed strings
-G, --basic-regexp PATTERN is a basic regular expression (BRE)
-P, --perl-regexp PATTERN is a Perl regular expression
-e, --regexp=PATTERN use PATTERN for matching
-f, --file=FILE obtain PATTERN from FILE
-i, --ignore-case ignore case distinctions
-w, --word-regexp force PATTERN to match only whole words
-x, --line-regexp force PATTERN to match only whole lines
-z, --null-data a data line ends in 0 byte, not newline
Miscellaneous:
-s, --no-messages suppress error messages
-v, --invert-match select non-matching lines
-V, --version print version information and exit
--help display this help and exit
--mmap ignored for backwards compatibility
Output control:
-m, --max-count=NUM stop after NUM matches
-b, --byte-offset print the byte offset with output lines
-n, --line-number print line number with output lines
--line-buffered flush output on every line
-H, --with-filename print the filename for each match
-h, --no-filename suppress the prefixing filename on output
--label=LABEL print LABEL as filename for standard input
-o, --only-matching show only the part of a line matching PATTERN
-q, --quiet, --silent suppress all normal output
--binary-files=TYPE assume that binary files are TYPE;
TYPE is `binary', `text', or `without-match'
-a, --text equivalent to --binary-files=text
-I equivalent to --binary-files=without-match
-d, --directories=ACTION how to handle directories;
ACTION is `read', `recurse', or `skip'
-D, --devices=ACTION how to handle devices, FIFOs and sockets;
ACTION is `read' or `skip'
-R, -r, --recursive equivalent to --directories=recurse
--include=FILE_PATTERN search only files that match FILE_PATTERN
--exclude=FILE_PATTERN skip files and directories matching FILE_PATTERN
--exclude-from=FILE skip files matching any file pattern from FILE
--exclude-dir=PATTERN directories that match PATTERN will be skipped.
-L, --files-without-match print only names of FILEs containing no match
-l, --files-with-matches print only names of FILEs containing matches
-c, --count print only a count of matching lines per FILE
-T, --initial-tab make tabs line up (if needed)
-Z, --null print 0 byte after FILE name
Context control:
-B, --before-context=NUM print NUM lines of leading context
-A, --after-context=NUM print NUM lines of trailing context
-C, --context=NUM print NUM lines of output context
-NUM same as --context=NUM
--color[=WHEN],
--colour[=WHEN] use markers to highlight the matching strings;
WHEN is `always', `never', or `auto'
-U, --binary do not strip CR characters at EOL (MSDOS)
-u, --unix-byte-offsets report offsets as if CRs were not there (MSDOS)
`egrep' means `grep -E'. `fgrep' means `grep -F'.
Direct invocation as either `egrep' or `fgrep' is deprecated.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. If less than two FILEs
are given, assume -h. Exit status is 0 if any line was selected, 1 otherwise;
if any error occurs and -q was not given, the exit status is 2.
Report bugs to: bug-grep@gnu.org
GNU Grep home page:
General help using GNU software:
23. gtar
Usage: gtar [OPTION...] [FILE]...
GNU `tar' saves many files together into a single tape or disk archive, and can
restore individual files from the archive.
Examples:
tar -cf archive.tar foo bar # Create archive.tar from files foo and bar.
tar -tvf archive.tar # List all files in archive.tar verbosely.
tar -xf archive.tar # Extract all files from archive.tar.
Main operation mode:
-A, --catenate, --concatenate append tar files to an archive
-c, --create create a new archive
-d, --diff, --compare find differences between archive and file system
--delete delete from the archive (not on mag tapes!)
-r, --append append files to the end of an archive
-t, --list list the contents of an archive
--test-label test the archive volume label and exit
-u, --update only append files newer than copy in archive
-x, --extract, --get extract files from an archive
Operation modifiers:
--check-device check device numbers when creating incremental
archives (default)
-g, --listed-incremental=FILE handle new GNU-format incremental backup
-G, --incremental handle old GNU-format incremental backup
--ignore-failed-read do not exit with nonzero on unreadable files
--level=NUMBER dump level for created listed-incremental archive
-n, --seek archive is seekable
--no-check-device do not check device numbers when creating
incremental archives
--no-seek archive is not seekable
--occurrence[=NUMBER] process only the NUMBERth occurrence of each file
in the archive; this option is valid only in
conjunction with one of the subcommands --delete,
--diff, --extract or --list and when a list of
files is given either on the command line or via
the -T option; NUMBER defaults to 1
--sparse-version=MAJOR[.MINOR]
set version of the sparse format to use (implies
--sparse)
-S, --sparse handle sparse files efficiently
Overwrite control:
-k, --keep-old-files don't replace existing files when extracting,
treat them as errors
--keep-newer-files don't replace existing files that are newer than
their archive copies
--no-overwrite-dir preserve metadata of existing directories
--overwrite overwrite existing files when extracting
--overwrite-dir overwrite metadata of existing directories when
extracting (default)
--recursive-unlink empty hierarchies prior to extracting directory
--remove-files remove files after adding them to the archive
--skip-old-files don't replace existing files when extracting,
silently skip over them
-U, --unlink-first remove each file prior to extracting over it
-W, --verify attempt to verify the archive after writing it
Select output stream:
--ignore-command-error ignore exit codes of children
--no-ignore-command-error treat non-zero exit codes of children as
error
-O, --to-stdout extract files to standard output
--to-command=COMMAND pipe extracted files to another program
Handling of file attributes:
--acls Save the ACLs to the archive
--atime-preserve[=METHOD] preserve access times on dumped files, either
by restoring the times after reading
(METHOD='replace'; default) or by not setting the
times in the first place (METHOD='system')
--delay-directory-restore delay setting modification times and
permissions of extracted directories until the end
of extraction
--group=NAME force NAME as group for added files
--mode=CHANGES force (symbolic) mode CHANGES for added files
--mtime=DATE-OR-FILE set mtime for added files from DATE-OR-FILE
-m, --touch don't extract file modified time
--no-acls Don't extract the ACLs from the archive
--no-delay-directory-restore
cancel the effect of --delay-directory-restore
option
--no-same-owner extract files as yourself (default for ordinary
users)
--no-same-permissions apply the user's umask when extracting permissions
from the archive (default for ordinary users)
--no-selinux Don't extract the SELinux context from the archive
--no-xattrs Don't extract the user/root xattrs from the
archive
--numeric-owner always use numbers for user/group names
--owner=NAME force NAME as owner for added files
-p, --preserve-permissions, --same-permissions
extract information about file permissions
(default for superuser)
--preserve same as both -p and -s
--same-owner try extracting files with the same ownership as
exists in the archive (default for superuser)
-s, --preserve-order, --same-order
sort names to extract to match archive
--selinux Save the SELinux context to the archive
--xattrs Save the user/root xattrs to the archive
Device selection and switching:
-f, --file=ARCHIVE use archive file or device ARCHIVE
--force-local archive file is local even if it has a colon
-F, --info-script=NAME, --new-volume-script=NAME
run script at end of each tape (implies -M)
-L, --tape-length=NUMBER change tape after writing NUMBER x 1024 bytes
-M, --multi-volume create/list/extract multi-volume archive
--rmt-command=COMMAND use given rmt COMMAND instead of rmt
--rsh-command=COMMAND use remote COMMAND instead of rsh
--volno-file=FILE use/update the volume number in FILE
Device blocking:
-b, --blocking-factor=BLOCKS BLOCKS x 512 bytes per record
-B, --read-full-records reblock as we read (for 4.2BSD pipes)
-i, --ignore-zeros ignore zeroed blocks in archive (means EOF)
--record-size=NUMBER NUMBER of bytes per record, multiple of 512
Archive format selection:
-H, --format=FORMAT create archive of the given format
FORMAT is one of the following:
gnu GNU tar 1.13.x format
oldgnu GNU format as per tar < = 1.12
pax POSIX 1003.1-2001 (pax) format
posix same as pax
ustar POSIX 1003.1-1988 (ustar) format
v7 old V7 tar format
--old-archive, --portability
same as --format=v7
--pax-option=keyword[[:]=value][,keyword[[:]=value]]...
control pax keywords
--posix same as --format=posix
-V, --label=TEXT create archive with volume name TEXT; at
list/extract time, use TEXT as a globbing pattern
for volume name
Compression options:
-a, --auto-compress use archive suffix to determine the compression
program
-I, --use-compress-program=PROG
filter through PROG (must accept -d)
-j, --bzip2 filter the archive through bzip2
-J, --xz filter the archive through xz
--lzip filter the archive through lzip
--lzma filter the archive through lzma
--lzop
--no-auto-compress do not use archive suffix to determine the
compression program
-z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip filter the archive through gzip
-Z, --compress, --uncompress filter the archive through compress
Local file selection:
--add-file=FILE add given FILE to the archive (useful if its name
starts with a dash)
--backup[=CONTROL] backup before removal, choose version CONTROL
-C, --directory=DIR change to directory DIR
--exclude=PATTERN exclude files, given as a PATTERN
--exclude-backups exclude backup and lock files
--exclude-caches exclude contents of directories containing
CACHEDIR.TAG, except for the tag file itself
--exclude-caches-all exclude directories containing CACHEDIR.TAG
--exclude-caches-under exclude everything under directories containing
CACHEDIR.TAG
--exclude-tag=FILE exclude contents of directories containing FILE,
except for FILE itself
--exclude-tag-all=FILE exclude directories containing FILE
--exclude-tag-under=FILE exclude everything under directories
containing FILE
--exclude-vcs exclude version control system directories
-h, --dereference follow symlinks; archive and dump the files they
point to
--hard-dereference follow hard links; archive and dump the files they
refer to
-K, --starting-file=MEMBER-NAME
begin at member MEMBER-NAME in the archive
--newer-mtime=DATE compare date and time when data changed only
--no-null disable the effect of the previous --null option
--no-recursion avoid descending automatically in directories
--no-unquote do not unquote filenames read with -T
--null -T reads null-terminated names, disable -C
-N, --newer=DATE-OR-FILE, --after-date=DATE-OR-FILE
only store files newer than DATE-OR-FILE
--one-file-system stay in local file system when creating archive
-P, --absolute-names don't strip leading `/'s from file names
--recursion recurse into directories (default)
--suffix=STRING backup before removal, override usual suffix ('~'
unless overridden by environment variable
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX)
-T, --files-from=FILE get names to extract or create from FILE
--unquote unquote filenames read with -T (default)
-X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude patterns listed in FILE
File name transformations:
--strip-components=NUMBER strip NUMBER leading components from file
names on extraction
--transform=EXPRESSION, --xform=EXPRESSION
use sed replace EXPRESSION to transform file
names
File name matching options (affect both exclude and include patterns):
--anchored patterns match file name start
--ignore-case ignore case
--no-anchored patterns match after any `/' (default for
exclusion)
--no-ignore-case case sensitive matching (default)
--no-wildcards verbatim string matching
--no-wildcards-match-slash wildcards do not match `/'
--wildcards use wildcards (default)
--wildcards-match-slash wildcards match `/' (default for exclusion)
Informative output:
--checkpoint[=NUMBER] display progress messages every NUMBERth record
(default 10)
--checkpoint-action=ACTION execute ACTION on each checkpoint
--index-file=FILE send verbose output to FILE
-l, --check-links print a message if not all links are dumped
--no-quote-chars=STRING disable quoting for characters from STRING
--quote-chars=STRING additionally quote characters from STRING
--quoting-style=STYLE set name quoting style; see below for valid STYLE
values
-R, --block-number show block number within archive with each
message
--show-defaults show tar defaults
--show-omitted-dirs when listing or extracting, list each directory
that does not match search criteria
--show-transformed-names, --show-stored-names
show file or archive names after transformation
--totals[=SIGNAL] print total bytes after processing the archive;
with an argument - print total bytes when this
SIGNAL is delivered; Allowed signals are: SIGHUP,
SIGQUIT, SIGINT, SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2; the names
without SIG prefix are also accepted
--utc print file modification dates in UTC
-v, --verbose verbosely list files processed
--warning=KEYWORD warning control
-w, --interactive, --confirmation
ask for confirmation for every action
Compatibility options:
-o when creating, same as --old-archive; when
extracting, same as --no-same-owner
Other options:
-?, --help give this help list
--restrict disable use of some potentially harmful options
--usage give a short usage message
--version print program version
Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
for any corresponding short options.
The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.
The version control may be set with --backup or VERSION_CONTROL, values are:
none, off never make backups
t, numbered make numbered backups
nil, existing numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise
never, simple always make simple backups
Valid arguments for the --quoting-style option are:
literal
shell
shell-always
c
c-maybe
escape
locale
clocale
*This* tar defaults to:
--format=gnu -f- -b20 --quoting-style=escape --rmt-command=/sbin/rmt
--rsh-command=/usr/bin/rsh
Report bugs to <bug-tar@gnu.org>.
24. gzip
Usage: gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place).
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-c, --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
-d, --decompress decompress
-f, --force force overwrite of output file and compress links
-h, --help give this help
-l, --list list compressed file contents
-L, --license display software license
-n, --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
-N, --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
-q, --quiet suppress all warnings
-r, --recursive operate recursively on directories
-S, --suffix=SUF use suffix SUF on compressed files
-t, --test test compressed file integrity
-v, --verbose verbose mode
-V, --version display version number
-1, --fast compress faster
-9, --best compress better
--rsyncable Make rsync-friendly archive
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Report bugs to.
Usage: gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place).
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-c, --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
-d, --decompress decompress
-f, --force force overwrite of output file and compress links
-h, --help give this help
-l, --list list compressed file contents
-L, --license display software license
-n, --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
-N, --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
-q, --quiet suppress all warnings
-r, --recursive operate recursively on directories
-S, --suffix=SUF use suffix SUF on compressed files
-t, --test test compressed file integrity
-v, --verbose verbose mode
-V, --version display version number
-1, --fast compress faster
-9, --best compress better
--rsyncable Make rsync-friendly archive
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Report bugs to.
25. ipcalc
<
Usage: ipcalc [OPTION...]
-c, --check Validate IP address for specified address family
-4, --ipv4 IPv4 address family (default)
-6, --ipv6 IPv6 address family
-b, --broadcast Display calculated broadcast address
-h, --hostname Show hostname determined via DNS
-m, --netmask Display default netmask for IP (class A, B, or C)
-n, --network Display network address
-p, --prefix Display network prefix
-s, --silent Don't ever display error messages
Help options:
-?, --help Show this help message
--usage Display brief usage message
26. link
Usage: link FILE1 FILE2
or: link OPTION
Call the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report link bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'link invocation'
27. ln
Usage: ln [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form)
or: ln [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form)
or: ln [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form)
or: ln [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form)
In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME.
In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory.
In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY.
Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic.
When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links
can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is
interpreted in relation to its parent directory.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
--backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file
-b like --backup but does not accept an argument
-d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link
directories (note: will probably fail due to
system restrictions, even for the superuser)
-f, --force remove existing destination files
-i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations
-L, --logical make hard links to symbolic link references
-n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a
directory as if it were a normal file
-P, --physical make hard links directly to symbolic links
-s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links
-S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix
-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create
the links
-T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file
-v, --verbose print name of each linked file
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.
The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through
the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values:
Using -s ignores -L and -P. Otherwise, the last option specified controls
behavior when the source is a symbolic link, defaulting to -P.
none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given)
numbered, t make numbered backups
existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise
simple, never always make simple backups
Report ln bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'ln invocation'
28. ls
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with.
-A, --almost-all do not list implied. and..
--author with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
modification of file status information)
with -l: show ctime and sort by name
otherwise: sort by ctime
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always'
or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below
-d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents,
and do not dereference symbolic links
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
-F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
--file-type likewise, except do not append `*'
--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g like -l, but do not list owner
--group-directories-first
group directories before files.
augment with a --sort option, but any
use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
-G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names
-h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format
(e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link
that points to a directory
--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
(overridden by -a or -A)
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), slash (-p),
file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
-i, --inode print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k like --block-size=1K
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic
link, show information for the file the link
references rather than for the link itself
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control
characters specially)
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars print? instead of non graphic characters
--show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default
unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:
literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
-S sort by file size
--sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U,
extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v
--time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification
time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c,
or status -c; use specified time as sort key
if --sort=time
--time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE:
full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT.
FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is
FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to
non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files;
if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE
takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
-t sort by modification time
-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time
with -l: show access time and sort by name
otherwise: sort by access time
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v natural sort of (version) numbers within text
-w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-1 list one file per line
SELinux options:
--lcontext Display security context. Enable -l. Lines
will probably be too wide for most displays.
-Z, --context Display security context so it fits on most
displays. Displays only mode, user, group,
security context and file name.
--scontext Display only security context and file name.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following:
KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when
standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment
variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.
Exit status:
0 if OK,
1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
Report ls bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'ls invocation'
29. lsblk
Usage:
lsblk [options] [...]
Options:
-a, --all print all devices
-b, --bytes print SIZE in bytes rather than in human readable format
-d, --nodeps don't print slaves or holders
-D, --discard print discard capabilities
-e, --exclude exclude devices by major number (default: RAM disks)
-I, --include show only devices with specified major numbers
-f, --fs output info about filesystems
-h, --help usage information (this)
-i, --ascii use ascii characters only
-m, --perms output info about permissions
-l, --list use list format ouput
-n, --noheadings don't print headings
-o, --output output columns
-P, --pairs use key="value" output format
-r, --raw use raw output format
-s, --inverse inverse dependencies
-t, --topology output info about topology
-V, --version output version information and exit
Available columns (for --output):
NAME device name
KNAME internal kernel device name
MAJ:MIN major:minor device number
FSTYPE filesystem type
MOUNTPOINT where the device is mounted
LABEL filesystem LABEL
UUID filesystem UUID
RA read-ahead of the device
RO read-only device
RM removable device
MODEL device identifier
SIZE size of the device
STATE state of the device
OWNER user name
GROUP group name
MODE device node permissions
ALIGNMENT alignment offset
MIN-IO minimum I/O size
OPT-IO optimal I/O size
PHY-SEC physical sector size
LOG-SEC logical sector size
ROTA rotational device
SCHED I/O scheduler name
RQ-SIZE request queue size
TYPE device type
DISC-ALN discard alignment offset
DISC-GRAN discard granularity
DISC-MAX discard max bytes
DISC-ZERO discard zeroes data
For more details see lsblk(8).
30. mkdir
Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask
-p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed
-v, --verbose print a message for each created directory
-Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created
directory to CTX
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report mkdir bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'mkdir invocation'
31. mknod
Usage: mknod [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR]
Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-m, --mode=MODE set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw - umask
-Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they
must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X,
it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal;
otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be:
b create a block (buffered) special file
c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file
p create a FIFO
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of mknod, which usually supersedes
the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation
for details about the options it supports.
Report mknod bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'mknod invocation'
32. mktemp
Usage: mktemp [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE]
Create a temporary file or directory, safely, and print its name.
TEMPLATE must contain at least 3 consecutive `X's in last component.
If TEMPLATE is not specified, use tmp.XXXXXXXXXX, and --tmpdir is implied.
-d, --directory create a directory, not a file
-u, --dry-run do not create anything; merely print a name (unsafe)
-q, --quiet suppress diagnostics about file/dir-creation failure
--suffix=SUFF append SUFF to TEMPLATE. SUFF must not contain slash.
This option is implied if TEMPLATE does not end in X.
--tmpdir[=DIR] interpret TEMPLATE relative to DIR. If DIR is not
specified, use $TMPDIR if set, else /tmp. With
this option, TEMPLATE must not be an absolute name.
Unlike with -t, TEMPLATE may contain slashes, but
mktemp creates only the final component.
-p DIR use DIR as a prefix; implies -t [deprecated]
-t interpret TEMPLATE as a single file name component,
relative to a directory: $TMPDIR, if set; else the
directory specified via -p; else /tmp [deprecated]
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report mktemp bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'mktemp invocation'
33. mount
Usage: mount -V: print version
mount -h: print this help
mount: list mounted filesystems
mount -l: idem, including volume labels
So far the informational part. Next the mounting.
The command is `mount [-t fstype] something somewhere'.
Details found in /etc/fstab may be omitted.
mount -a [-t|-O]...: mount all stuff from /etc/fstab
mount device: mount device at the known place
mount directory: mount known device here
mount -t type dev dir: ordinary mount command
Note that one does not really mount a device, one mounts
a filesystem (of the given type) found on the device.
One can also mount an already visible directory tree elsewhere:
mount --bind olddir newdir
or move a subtree:
mount --move olddir newdir
One can change the type of mount containing the directory dir:
mount --make-shared dir
mount --make-slave dir
mount --make-private dir
mount --make-unbindable dir
One can change the type of all the mounts in a mount subtree
containing the directory dir:
mount --make-rshared dir
mount --make-rslave dir
mount --make-rprivate dir
mount --make-runbindable dir
A device can be given by name, say /dev/hda1 or /dev/cdrom,
or by label, using -L label or by uuid, using -U uuid.
Other options: [-nfFrsvw] [-o options] [-p passwdfd].
For many more details, say man 8 mount.
34. mv
Usage: mv [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
or: mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
or: mv [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
--backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file
-b like --backup but does not accept an argument
-f, --force do not prompt before overwriting
-i, --interactive prompt before overwrite
-n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file
If you specify more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one takes effect.
--strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE
argument
-S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix
-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY
-T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file
-u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer
than the destination file or when the
destination file is missing
-v, --verbose explain what is being done
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.
The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through
the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values:
none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given)
numbered, t make numbered backups
existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise
simple, never always make simple backups
Report mv bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'mv invocation'
35. nano
Usage: nano [OPTIONS] [[+LINE,COLUMN] FILE]...
Option GNU long option Meaning
-h, -? --help Show this message
+LINE,COLUMN Start at line LINE, column COLUMN
-A --smarthome Enable smart home key
-B --backup Save backups of existing files
-C
-backupdir=Directory for saving unique backup files -D -boldtext Use bold instead of reverse video text -E -tabstospaces Convert typed tabs to spaces -F -multibuffer Enable multiple file buffers -H -historylog Log & read search/replace string history -I -ignorercfiles Don't look at nanorc files -K -rebindkeypad Fix numeric keypad key confusion problem -L -nonewlines Don't add newlines to the ends of files -N -noconvert Don't convert files from DOS/Mac format -O -morespace Use one more line for editing -Q -quotestr= Quoting string -R -restricted Restricted mode -S -smooth Smooth scrolling -T < #cols> -tabsize=< #cols> Set width of a tab to #cols columns -U -quickblank Do quick statusbar blanking -V -version Print version information and exit -W -wordbounds Detect word boundaries more accurately -Y -syntax= Syntax definition to use for coloring -c -const Constantly show cursor position -d -rebinddelete Fix Backspace/Delete confusion problem -i -autoindent Automatically indent new lines -k -cut Cut from cursor to end of line -l -nofollow Don't follow symbolic links, overwrite -m -mouse Enable the use of the mouse -o-operatingdir=Set operating directory -p -preserve Preserve XON (^Q) and XOFF (^S) keys -r < #cols> -fill=< #cols> Set wrapping point at column #cols -s -speller= Enable alternate speller -t -tempfile Auto save on exit, don't prompt -v -view View mode (read-only) -w -nowrap Don't wrap long lines -x -nohelp Don't show the two help lines -z -suspend Enable suspension -a, -b, -e, -f, -g, -j (ignored, for Pico compatibility)
36. nice
Usage: nice [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...]
Run COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling.
With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from
-20 (most favorable scheduling) to 19 (least favorable).
-n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of nice, which usually supersedes
the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation
for details about the options it supports.
Report nice bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'nice invocation'
37. secaudit
secaudit 1.4.2: NTFS security data auditing
38. plymouth
Boot splash control client
USAGE: plymouth [OPTION...] [COMMAND [OPTION...]...]
Options:
--help This help message
--debug Enable verbose debug logging
--get-splash-plugin-path Get directory where splash plugins are installed
--newroot= Tell boot daemon that new root filesystem is mounted
--quit Tell boot daemon to quit
--ping Check of boot daemon is running
--has-active-vt Check if boot daemon has an active vt
--sysinit Tell boot daemon root filesystem is mounted read-write
--show-splash Show splash screen
--hide-splash Hide splash screen
--ask-for-password Ask user for password
--ignore-keystroke= Remove sensitivity to a keystroke
--update= Tell boot daemon an update about boot progress
--details Tell boot daemon there were errors during boot
--wait Wait for boot daemon to quit
Available commands:
update Tell daemon about boot status changes
update-root-fs Tell daemon about root filesystem changes
show-splash Tell daemon to show splash screen
hide-splash Tell daemon to hide splash screen
ask-for-password Ask user for password
ask-question Ask user a question
message Display a message
watch-keystroke Become sensitive to a keystroke
pause-progress Pause boot progress bar
unpause-progress Unpause boot progress bar
report-error Tell boot daemon there were errors during boot
deactivate Tell boot daemon to deactivate
reactivate Tell boot daemon to reactivate
quit Tell boot daemon to quit
Options for update command:
--status= Tell daemon the current boot status
Options for update-root-fs command:
--new-root-dir= Root filesystem is about to change
--read-write Root filesystem is no longer read-only
Options for ask-for-password command:
--command= Command to send password to via standard input
--prompt= Message to display when asking for password
--number-of-tries= Number of times to ask before giving up (requires --command)
--dont-pause-progress Don't pause boot progress bar while asking
Options for ask-question command:
--command= Command to send the answer to via standard input
--prompt= Message to display when asking the question
--dont-pause-progress Don't pause boot progress bar while asking
Options for message command:
--text= The message text
Options for watch-keystroke command:
--command= Command to send keystroke to via standard input
--keys= Keys to become sensitive to
Options for quit command:
--retain-splash Don't explicitly hide boot splash on exit
********* simple selection ********* ********* selection by list *********
-A all processes -C by command name
-N negate selection -G by real group ID (supports names)
-a all w/ tty except session leaders -U by real user ID (supports names)
-d all except session leaders -g by session OR by effective group name
-e all processes -p by process ID
T all processes on this terminal -s processes in the sessions given
a all w/ tty, including other users -t by tty
g OBSOLETE - DO NOT USE -u by effective user ID (supports names)
r only running processes U processes for specified users
x processes w/o controlling ttys t by tty
*********** output format ********** *********** long options ***********
-o,o user-defined -f full -Group -User -pid -cols -ppid
-j,j job control s signal -group -user -sid -rows -info
-O,O preloaded -o v virtual memory -cumulative -format -deselect
-l,l long u user-oriented -sort -tty -forest -version
-F extra full X registers -heading -no-heading -context
********* misc options *********
-V,V show version L list format codes f ASCII art forest
-m,m,-L,-T,H threads S children in sum -y change -l format
-M,Z security data c true command name -c scheduling class
-w,w wide output n numeric WCHAN,UID -H process hierarchy
39. readlink
Usage: readlink [OPTION]... FILE
Print value of a symbolic link or canonical file name
-f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in
every component of the given name recursively;
all but the last component must exist
-e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in
every component of the given name recursively,
all components must exist
-m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in
every component of the given name recursively,
without requirements on components existence
-n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline
-q, --quiet,
-s, --silent suppress most error messages
-v, --verbose report error messages
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report readlink bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'readlink invocation'
40. red
GNU Ed - The GNU line editor.
Usage: red [options] [file]
Options:
-h, --help display this help and exit
-V, --version output version information and exit
-G, --traditional run in compatibility mode
-l, --loose-exit-status exit with 0 status even if a command fails
-p, --prompt=STRING use STRING as an interactive prompt
-s, --quiet, --silent suppress diagnostics
-v, --verbose be verbose
Start edit by reading in `file' if given. Read output of shell command
if `file' begins with a `!'.
Report bugs to.
Ed home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/ed/ed.html
41. rm
Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
Remove (unlink) the FILE(s).
-f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt
-i prompt before every removal
-I prompt once before removing more than three files, or
when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i,
while still giving protection against most mistakes
--interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or
always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always
--one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any
directory that is on a file system different from
that of the corresponding command line argument
--no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially
--preserve-root do not remove `/' (default)
-r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively
-v, --verbose explain what is being done
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R)
option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents.
To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo',
use one of these commands:
rm -- -foo
rm./-foo
Note that if you use rm to remove a file, it is usually possible to recover
the contents of that file. If you want more assurance that the contents are
truly unrecoverable, consider using shred.
Report rm bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'rm invocation'
42. mkdir
Usage: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty.
--ignore-fail-on-non-empty
ignore each failure that is solely because a directory
is non-empty
-p, --parents remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is
similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a'
-v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report rmdir bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'rmdir invocation'
43. nano
Usage: nano [OPTIONS] [[+LINE,COLUMN] FILE]...
Option GNU long option Meaning
-h, -? --help Show this message
+LINE,COLUMN Start at line LINE, column COLUMN
-A --smarthome Enable smart home key
-B --backup Save backups of existing files
-C
-backupdir=Directory for saving unique backup files -D -boldtext Use bold instead of reverse video text -E -tabstospaces Convert typed tabs to spaces -F -multibuffer Enable multiple file buffers -H -historylog Log & read search/replace string history -I -ignorercfiles Don't look at nanorc files -K -rebindkeypad Fix numeric keypad key confusion problem -L -nonewlines Don't add newlines to the ends of files -N -noconvert Don't convert files from DOS/Mac format -O -morespace Use one more line for editing -Q -quotestr= Quoting string -R -restricted Restricted mode -S -smooth Smooth scrolling -T < #cols> -tabsize=< #cols> Set width of a tab to #cols columns -U -quickblank Do quick statusbar blanking -V -version Print version information and exit -W -wordbounds Detect word boundaries more accurately -Y -syntax= Syntax definition to use for coloring -c -const Constantly show cursor position -d -rebinddelete Fix Backspace/Delete confusion problem -i -autoindent Automatically indent new lines -k -cut Cut from cursor to end of line -l -nofollow Don't follow symbolic links, overwrite -m -mouse Enable the use of the mouse -o-operatingdir=Set operating directory -p -preserve Preserve XON (^Q) and XOFF (^S) keys -r < #cols> -fill=< #cols> Set wrapping point at column #cols -s -speller= Enable alternate speller -t -tempfile Auto save on exit, don't prompt -v -view View mode (read-only) -w -nowrap Don't wrap long lines -x -nohelp Don't show the two help lines -z -suspend Enable suspension -a, -b, -e, -f, -g, -j (ignored, for Pico compatibility)
Usage: rpm [OPTION...]
-quiet
Query/Verify package selection options:
-a, -all query/verify all packages
-f, -file query/verify package(s) owning file
-g, -group query/verify package(s) in group
-p, -package query/verify a package file
-W, -ftswalk query/verify package(s) from TOP file tree
walk
-pkgid query/verify package(s) with package
identifier
-hdrid query/verify package(s) with header
identifier
-fileid query/verify package(s) with file identifier
-specfile query a spec file
-triggeredby query the package(s) triggered by the
package
-whatrequires query/verify the package(s) which require a
dependency
-whatprovides query/verify the package(s) which provide a
dependency
-nomanifest do not process non-package files as
manifests
Query options (with -q or -query):
-c, -configfiles list all configuration files
-d, -docfiles list all documentation files
-dump dump basic file information
-l, -list list files in package
-queryformat=QUERYFORMAT use the following query format
-s, -state display the states of the listed files
Verify options (with -V or -verify):
-nofiledigest don't verify digest of files
-nomd5 don't verify digest of files
-nofiles don't verify files in package
-nodeps don't verify package dependencies
-noscript don't execute verify script(s)
File tree walk options (with -ftswalk):
-comfollow follow command line symlinks
-logical logical walk
-nochdir don't change directories
-nostat don't get stat info
-physical physical walk
-seedot return dot and dot-dot
-xdev don't cross devices
-whiteout return whiteout information
Signature options:
-addsign sign package(s) (identical to -resign)
-K, -checksig verify package signature(s)
-delsign delete package signatures
-import import an armored public key
-resign sign package(s) (identical to -addsign)
-nodigest don't verify package digest(s)
-nosignature don't verify package signature(s)
Database options:
-initdb initialize database
-rebuilddb rebuild database inverted lists from
installed package headers
Install/Upgrade/Erase options:
-aid add suggested packages to transaction
-allfiles install all files, even configurations
which might otherwise be skipped
-allmatches remove all packages which match
(normally an error is generated if specified multiple packages)
-badreloc relocate files in non-relocatable package
-e, -erase=+ erase (uninstall) package
-excludedocs do not install documentation
-excludepath= skip files with leading component
-fileconflicts detect file conflicts between packages
-force short hand for -replacepkgs -replacefiles
-F, -freshen=+ upgrade package(s) if already installed
-h, -hash print hash marks as package installs (good
with -v)
-ignorearch don't verify package architecture
-ignoreos don't verify package operating system
-ignoresize don't check disk space before installing
-i, -install install package(s)
-justdb update the database, but do not modify the
filesystem
-nodeps do not verify package dependencies
-nofiledigest don't verify digest of files
-nomd5 don't verify digest of files (obsolete)
-nocontexts don't install file security contexts
-noorder do not reorder package installation to
satisfy dependencies
-nosuggest do not suggest missing dependency
resolution(s)
-noscripts do not execute package scriptlet(s)
-notriggers do not execute any scriptlet(s) triggered
by this package
-oldpackage upgrade to an old version of the package
(-force on upgrades does this
automatically)
-percent print percentages as package installs
-prefix=
relocate the package to, if relocatable -relocate== relocate files from path to -replacefiles ignore file conflicts between packages -replacepkgs reinstall if the package is already present -test don't install, but tell if it would work or not -U, -upgrade=+ upgrade package(s) Common options for all rpm modes and executables: -D, -define='MACRO EXPR' define MACRO with value EXPR -E, -eval='EXPR' print macro expansion of EXPR -macros= read instead of default file(s) -nodigest don't verify package digest(s) -nosignature don't verify package signature(s) -rcfile= read instead of default file(s) -r, -root=ROOT use ROOT as top level directory (default: "/") -querytags display known query tags -showrc display final rpmrc and macro configuration -quiet provide less detailed output -v, -verbose provide more detailed output -version print the version of rpm being used Options implemented via popt alias/exec: -scripts list install/erase scriptlets from package(s) -setperms set permissions of files in a package -setugids set user/group ownership of files in a package -conflicts list capabilities this package conflicts with -obsoletes list other packages removed by installing this package -provides list capabilities that this package provides -requires list capabilities required by package(s) -info list descriptive information from package(s) -changelog list change logs for this package -xml list metadata in xml -triggers list trigger scriptlets from package(s) -last list package(s) by install time, most recent first -dupes list duplicated packages -filesbypkg list all files from each package -fileclass list file names with classes -filecolor list file names with colors -fscontext list file names with security context from file system -fileprovide list file names with provides -filerequire list file names with requires -filecaps list file names with POSIX1.e capabilities Help options: -?, -help Show this help message -usage Display brief usage message
44. vim
VIM - Vi IMproved 7.2 (2008 Aug 9, compiled Apr 5 2012 10:17:55)
usage: vim [arguments] [file..] edit specified file(s)
or: vim [arguments] - read text from stdin
or: vim [arguments] -t tag edit file where tag is defined
Arguments:
-- Only file names after this
-v Vi mode (like "vi")
-e Ex mode (like "ex")
-s Silent (batch) mode (only for "ex")
-y Easy mode (like "evim", modeless)
-R Readonly mode (like "view")
-Z Restricted mode (like "rvim")
-m Modifications (writing files) not allowed
-M Modifications in text not allowed
-b Binary mode
-C Compatible with Vi: 'compatible'
-N Not fully Vi compatible: 'nocompatible'
-V[N][fname] Be verbose [level N] [log messages to fname]
-n No swap file, use memory only
-r List swap files and exit
-r (with file name) Recover crashed session
-L Same as -r
-T Set terminal type to
-u Use instead of any.vimrc
--noplugin Don't load plugin scripts
-p[N] Open N tab pages (default: one for each file)
-o[N] Open N windows (default: one for each file)
-O[N] Like -o but split vertically
+ Start at end of file
+ Start at line
--cmd Execute before loading any vimrc file
-c Execute after loading the first file
-S Source file after loading the first file
-s Read Normal mode commands from file
-w Append all typed commands to file
-W Write all typed commands to file
-h or --help Print Help (this message) and exit
--version Print version information and exit
VIM - Vi IMproved 7.2 (2008 Aug 9, compiled Apr 5 2012 10:17:55)
usage: vim [arguments] [file..] edit specified file(s)
or: vim [arguments] - read text from stdin
or: vim [arguments] -t tag edit file where tag is defined
Arguments:
-- Only file names after this
-v Vi mode (like "vi")
-e Ex mode (like "ex")
-s Silent (batch) mode (only for "ex")
-y Easy mode (like "evim", modeless)
-R Readonly mode (like "view")
-Z Restricted mode (like "rvim")
-m Modifications (writing files) not allowed
-M Modifications in text not allowed
-b Binary mode
-C Compatible with Vi: 'compatible'
-N Not fully Vi compatible: 'nocompatible'
-V[N][fname] Be verbose [level N] [log messages to fname]
-n No swap file, use memory only
-r List swap files and exit
-r (with file name) Recover crashed session
-L Same as -r
-T Set terminal type to
-u Use instead of any.vimrc
--noplugin Don't load plugin scripts
-p[N] Open N tab pages (default: one for each file)
-o[N] Open N windows (default: one for each file)
-O[N] Like -o but split vertically
+ Start at end of file
+ Start at line
--cmd Execute before loading any vimrc file
-c Execute after loading the first file
-S Source file after loading the first file
-s Read Normal mode commands from file
-w Append all typed commands to file
-W Write all typed commands to file
-h or --help Print Help (this message) and exit
--version Print version information and exit
Usage: sed [OPTION]... {script-only-if-no-other-script} [input-file]...
-n, --quiet, --silent
suppress automatic printing of pattern space
-e script, --expression=script
add the script to the commands to be executed
-f script-file, --file=script-file
add the contents of script-file to the commands to be executed
--follow-symlinks
follow symlinks when processing in place; hard links
will still be broken.
-i[SUFFIX], --in-place[=SUFFIX]
edit files in place (makes backup if extension supplied).
The default operation mode is to break symbolic and hard links.
This can be changed with --follow-symlinks and --copy.
-c, --copy
use copy instead of rename when shuffling files in -i mode.
While this will avoid breaking links (symbolic or hard), the
resulting editing operation is not atomic. This is rarely
the desired mode; --follow-symlinks is usually enough, and
it is both faster and more secure.
-l N, --line-length=N
specify the desired line-wrap length for the `l' command
--posix
disable all GNU extensions.
-r, --regexp-extended
use extended regular expressions in the script.
-s, --separate
consider files as separate rather than as a single continuous
long stream.
-u, --unbuffered
load minimal amounts of data from the input files and flush
the output buffers more often
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
If no -e, --expression, -f, or --file option is given, then the first
non-option argument is taken as the sed script to interpret. All
remaining arguments are names of input files; if no input files are
specified, then the standard input is read.
GNU sed home page:.
General help using GNU software:.
E-mail bug reports to:.
Be sure to include the word ``sed'' somewhere in the ``Subject:'' field.
GNU bash, version 4.1.2(1)-release-(x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu)
Usage: sh [GNU long option] [option]...
sh [GNU long option] [option] script-file...
GNU long options:
--debug
--debugger
--dump-po-strings
--dump-strings
--help
--init-file
--login
--noediting
--noprofile
--norc
--posix
--protected
--rcfile
--rpm-requires
--restricted
--verbose
--version
Shell options:
-irsD or -c command or -O shopt_option (invocation only)
-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP or -o option
Type `sh -c "help set"' for more information about shell options.
Type `sh -c help' for more information about shell builtin commands.
Usage: sleep NUMBER[SUFFIX]...
or: sleep OPTION
Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default),
`m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations
that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating
point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time
specified by the sum of their values.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report sleep bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'sleep invocation'
Usage: stty [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]...
or: stty [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all]
or: stty [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save]
Print or change terminal characteristics.
-a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form
-g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form
-F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX
settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available.
Special characters:
* dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed
eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input)
eol CHAR CHAR will end the line
* eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line
erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed
intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal
kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line
* lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted
quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal
* rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line
start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it
stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output
susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal
* swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer
* werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed
Special settings:
N set the input and output speeds to N bauds
* cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns
* columns N same as cols N
ispeed N set the input speed to N
* line N use line discipline N
min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read
ospeed N set the output speed to N
* rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows
* size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel
speed print the terminal speed
time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second
Control settings:
[-]clocal disable modem control signals
[-]cread allow input to be received
* [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking
* [-]cdtrdsr enable DTR/DSR handshaking
csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8]
[-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-')
[-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty
[-]hupcl same as [-]hup
[-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input
[-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-')
Input settings:
[-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal
[-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline
[-]ignbrk ignore break characters
[-]igncr ignore carriage return
[-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors
* [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character
[-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return
[-]inpck enable input parity checking
[-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters
* [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded
* [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase
* [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character
[-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters
[-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control
[-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence)
[-]tandem same as [-]ixoff
Output settings:
* bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1]
* crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3]
* ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1]
* nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1]
* [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline
* [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters
* [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays
* [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase
* [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline
* [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return
* [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column
[-]opost postprocess output
* tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3]
* tabs same as tab0
* -tabs same as tab3
* vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1]
Local settings:
[-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace
* crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings
* -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings
* [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c')
[-]echo echo input characters
* [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho
[-]echoe same as [-]crterase
[-]echok echo a newline after a kill character
* [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill
[-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters
* [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `' and '/'
[-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters
[-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters
[-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters
[-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters
* [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt
* [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal
* [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `' for uppercase characters
Combination settings:
* [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase
cbreak same as -icanon
-cbreak same as icanon
cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig
icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values
-cooked same as raw
crt same as echoe echoctl echoke
dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177
kill ^u
* [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany
ek erase and kill characters to their default values
evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7
-evenp same as -parenb cs8
* [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc
litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8
-litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7
nl same as -icrnl -onlcr
-nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret
oddp same as parenb parodd cs7
-oddp same as -parenb cs8
[-]parity same as [-]evenp
pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8
-pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7
raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip
-inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany
-imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0
-raw same as cooked
sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8
-ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr
-onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0
isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh
-xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special
characters to their default values
Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments,
prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In
settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or
127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters.
Report stty bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'stty invocation'
Usage: su [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...]
Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER.
-, -l, --login make the shell a login shell,
clears all envvars except for TERM,
initializes HOME, SHELL, USER, LOGNAME and PATH
-c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c
--session-command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c
and do not create a new session
-f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh)
-m, --preserve-environment do not reset HOME, SHELL, USER, LOGNAME
environment variables
-p same as -m
-s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root.
Report su bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'su invocation'
Usage: sync [OPTION]
Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report sync bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'sync invocation'
Usage: tar [OPTION...] [FILE]...
GNU `tar' saves many files together into a single tape or disk archive, and can
restore individual files from the archive.
Examples:
tar -cf archive.tar foo bar # Create archive.tar from files foo and bar.
tar -tvf archive.tar # List all files in archive.tar verbosely.
tar -xf archive.tar # Extract all files from archive.tar.
Main operation mode:
-A, --catenate, --concatenate append tar files to an archive
-c, --create create a new archive
-d, --diff, --compare find differences between archive and file system
--delete delete from the archive (not on mag tapes!)
-r, --append append files to the end of an archive
-t, --list list the contents of an archive
--test-label test the archive volume label and exit
-u, --update only append files newer than copy in archive
-x, --extract, --get extract files from an archive
Operation modifiers:
--check-device check device numbers when creating incremental
archives (default)
-g, --listed-incremental=FILE handle new GNU-format incremental backup
-G, --incremental handle old GNU-format incremental backup
--ignore-failed-read do not exit with nonzero on unreadable files
--level=NUMBER dump level for created listed-incremental archive
-n, --seek archive is seekable
--no-check-device do not check device numbers when creating
incremental archives
--no-seek archive is not seekable
--occurrence[=NUMBER] process only the NUMBERth occurrence of each file
in the archive; this option is valid only in
conjunction with one of the subcommands --delete,
--diff, --extract or --list and when a list of
files is given either on the command line or via
the -T option; NUMBER defaults to 1
--sparse-version=MAJOR[.MINOR]
set version of the sparse format to use (implies
--sparse)
-S, --sparse handle sparse files efficiently
Overwrite control:
-k, --keep-old-files don't replace existing files when extracting,
treat them as errors
--keep-newer-files don't replace existing files that are newer than
their archive copies
--no-overwrite-dir preserve metadata of existing directories
--overwrite overwrite existing files when extracting
--overwrite-dir overwrite metadata of existing directories when
extracting (default)
--recursive-unlink empty hierarchies prior to extracting directory
--remove-files remove files after adding them to the archive
--skip-old-files don't replace existing files when extracting,
silently skip over them
-U, --unlink-first remove each file prior to extracting over it
-W, --verify attempt to verify the archive after writing it
Select output stream:
--ignore-command-error ignore exit codes of children
--no-ignore-command-error treat non-zero exit codes of children as
error
-O, --to-stdout extract files to standard output
--to-command=COMMAND pipe extracted files to another program
Handling of file attributes:
--acls Save the ACLs to the archive
--atime-preserve[=METHOD] preserve access times on dumped files, either
by restoring the times after reading
(METHOD='replace'; default) or by not setting the
times in the first place (METHOD='system')
--delay-directory-restore delay setting modification times and
permissions of extracted directories until the end
of extraction
--group=NAME force NAME as group for added files
--mode=CHANGES force (symbolic) mode CHANGES for added files
--mtime=DATE-OR-FILE set mtime for added files from DATE-OR-FILE
-m, --touch don't extract file modified time
--no-acls Don't extract the ACLs from the archive
--no-delay-directory-restore
cancel the effect of --delay-directory-restore
option
--no-same-owner extract files as yourself (default for ordinary
users)
--no-same-permissions apply the user's umask when extracting permissions
from the archive (default for ordinary users)
--no-selinux Don't extract the SELinux context from the archive
--no-xattrs Don't extract the user/root xattrs from the
archive
--numeric-owner always use numbers for user/group names
--owner=NAME force NAME as owner for added files
-p, --preserve-permissions, --same-permissions
extract information about file permissions
(default for superuser)
--preserve same as both -p and -s
--same-owner try extracting files with the same ownership as
exists in the archive (default for superuser)
-s, --preserve-order, --same-order
sort names to extract to match archive
--selinux Save the SELinux context to the archive
--xattrs Save the user/root xattrs to the archive
Device selection and switching:
-f, --file=ARCHIVE use archive file or device ARCHIVE
--force-local archive file is local even if it has a colon
-F, --info-script=NAME, --new-volume-script=NAME
run script at end of each tape (implies -M)
-L, --tape-length=NUMBER change tape after writing NUMBER x 1024 bytes
-M, --multi-volume create/list/extract multi-volume archive
--rmt-command=COMMAND use given rmt COMMAND instead of rmt
--rsh-command=COMMAND use remote COMMAND instead of rsh
--volno-file=FILE use/update the volume number in FILE
Device blocking:
-b, --blocking-factor=BLOCKS BLOCKS x 512 bytes per record
-B, --read-full-records reblock as we read (for 4.2BSD pipes)
-i, --ignore-zeros ignore zeroed blocks in archive (means EOF)
--record-size=NUMBER NUMBER of bytes per record, multiple of 512
Archive format selection:
-H, --format=FORMAT create archive of the given format
FORMAT is one of the following:
gnu GNU tar 1.13.x format
oldgnu GNU format as per tar < = 1.12
pax POSIX 1003.1-2001 (pax) format
posix same as pax
ustar POSIX 1003.1-1988 (ustar) format
v7 old V7 tar format
--old-archive, --portability
same as --format=v7
--pax-option=keyword[[:]=value][,keyword[[:]=value]]...
control pax keywords
--posix same as --format=posix
-V, --label=TEXT create archive with volume name TEXT; at
list/extract time, use TEXT as a globbing pattern
for volume name
Compression options:
-a, --auto-compress use archive suffix to determine the compression
program
-I, --use-compress-program=PROG
filter through PROG (must accept -d)
-j, --bzip2 filter the archive through bzip2
-J, --xz filter the archive through xz
--lzip filter the archive through lzip
--lzma filter the archive through lzma
--lzop
--no-auto-compress do not use archive suffix to determine the
compression program
-z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip filter the archive through gzip
-Z, --compress, --uncompress filter the archive through compress
Local file selection:
--add-file=FILE add given FILE to the archive (useful if its name
starts with a dash)
--backup[=CONTROL] backup before removal, choose version CONTROL
-C, --directory=DIR change to directory DIR
--exclude=PATTERN exclude files, given as a PATTERN
--exclude-backups exclude backup and lock files
--exclude-caches exclude contents of directories containing
CACHEDIR.TAG, except for the tag file itself
--exclude-caches-all exclude directories containing CACHEDIR.TAG
--exclude-caches-under exclude everything under directories containing
CACHEDIR.TAG
--exclude-tag=FILE exclude contents of directories containing FILE,
except for FILE itself
--exclude-tag-all=FILE exclude directories containing FILE
--exclude-tag-under=FILE exclude everything under directories
containing FILE
--exclude-vcs exclude version control system directories
-h, --dereference follow symlinks; archive and dump the files they
point to
--hard-dereference follow hard links; archive and dump the files they
refer to
-K, --starting-file=MEMBER-NAME
begin at member MEMBER-NAME in the archive
--newer-mtime=DATE compare date and time when data changed only
--no-null disable the effect of the previous --null option
--no-recursion avoid descending automatically in directories
--no-unquote do not unquote filenames read with -T
--null -T reads null-terminated names, disable -C
-N, --newer=DATE-OR-FILE, --after-date=DATE-OR-FILE
only store files newer than DATE-OR-FILE
--one-file-system stay in local file system when creating archive
-P, --absolute-names don't strip leading `/'s from file names
--recursion recurse into directories (default)
--suffix=STRING backup before removal, override usual suffix ('~'
unless overridden by environment variable
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX)
-T, --files-from=FILE get names to extract or create from FILE
--unquote unquote filenames read with -T (default)
-X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude patterns listed in FILE
File name transformations:
--strip-components=NUMBER strip NUMBER leading components from file
names on extraction
--transform=EXPRESSION, --xform=EXPRESSION
use sed replace EXPRESSION to transform file
names
File name matching options (affect both exclude and include patterns):
--anchored patterns match file name start
--ignore-case ignore case
--no-anchored patterns match after any `/' (default for
exclusion)
--no-ignore-case case sensitive matching (default)
--no-wildcards verbatim string matching
--no-wildcards-match-slash wildcards do not match `/'
--wildcards use wildcards (default)
--wildcards-match-slash wildcards match `/' (default for exclusion)
Informative output:
--checkpoint[=NUMBER] display progress messages every NUMBERth record
(default 10)
--checkpoint-action=ACTION execute ACTION on each checkpoint
--index-file=FILE send verbose output to FILE
-l, --check-links print a message if not all links are dumped
--no-quote-chars=STRING disable quoting for characters from STRING
--quote-chars=STRING additionally quote characters from STRING
--quoting-style=STYLE set name quoting style; see below for valid STYLE
values
-R, --block-number show block number within archive with each
message
--show-defaults show tar defaults
--show-omitted-dirs when listing or extracting, list each directory
that does not match search criteria
--show-transformed-names, --show-stored-names
show file or archive names after transformation
--totals[=SIGNAL] print total bytes after processing the archive;
with an argument - print total bytes when this
SIGNAL is delivered; Allowed signals are: SIGHUP,
SIGQUIT, SIGINT, SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2; the names
without SIG prefix are also accepted
--utc print file modification dates in UTC
-v, --verbose verbosely list files processed
--warning=KEYWORD warning control
-w, --interactive, --confirmation
ask for confirmation for every action
Compatibility options:
-o when creating, same as --old-archive; when
extracting, same as --no-same-owner
Other options:
-?, --help give this help list
--restrict disable use of some potentially harmful options
--usage give a short usage message
--version print program version
Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
for any corresponding short options.
The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.
The version control may be set with --backup or VERSION_CONTROL, values are:
none, off never make backups
t, numbered make numbered backups
nil, existing numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise
never, simple always make simple backups
Valid arguments for the --quoting-style option are:
literal
shell
shell-always
c
c-maybe
escape
locale
clocale
*This* tar defaults to:
--format=gnu -f- -b20 --quoting-style=escape --rmt-command=/sbin/rmt
--rsh-command=/usr/bin/rsh
Report bugs to <bug-tar@gnu.org>.
Usage: touch [OPTION]... FILE...
Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time.
A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h
is supplied.
A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to
change the times of the file associated with standard output.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a change only the access time
-c, --no-create do not create any files
-d, --date=STRING parse STRING and use it instead of current time
-f (ignored)
-h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced
file (useful only on systems that can change the
timestamps of a symlink)
-m change only the modification time
-r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time
-t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time
--time=WORD change the specified time:
WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a
WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats.
Report touch bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'touch invocation'
VIM - Vi IMproved 7.2 (2008 Aug 9, compiled Apr 5 2012 10:17:55)
usage: vim [arguments] [file..] edit specified file(s)
or: vim [arguments] - read text from stdin
or: vim [arguments] -t tag edit file where tag is defined
Arguments:
-- Only file names after this
-v Vi mode (like "vi")
-e Ex mode (like "ex")
-s Silent (batch) mode (only for "ex")
-y Easy mode (like "evim", modeless)
-R Readonly mode (like "view")
-Z Restricted mode (like "rvim")
-m Modifications (writing files) not allowed
-M Modifications in text not allowed
-b Binary mode
-C Compatible with Vi: 'compatible'
-N Not fully Vi compatible: 'nocompatible'
-V[N][fname] Be verbose [level N] [log messages to fname]
-n No swap file, use memory only
-r List swap files and exit
-r (with file name) Recover crashed session
-L Same as -r
-T Set terminal type to
-u Use instead of any.vimrc
--noplugin Don't load plugin scripts
-p[N] Open N tab pages (default: one for each file)
-o[N] Open N windows (default: one for each file)
-O[N] Like -o but split vertically
+ Start at end of file
+ Start at line
--cmd Execute before loading any vimrc file
-c Execute after loading the first file
-S Source file after loading the first file
-s Read Normal mode commands from file
-w Append all typed commands to file
-W Write all typed commands to file
-h or --help Print Help (this message) and exit
--version Print version information and exit
Usage: gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place).
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-c, --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
-d, --decompress decompress
-f, --force force overwrite of output file and compress links
-h, --help give this help
-l, --list list compressed file contents
-L, --license display software license
-n, --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
-N, --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
-q, --quiet suppress all warnings
-r, --recursive operate recursively on directories
-S, --suffix=SUF use suffix SUF on compressed files
-t, --test test compressed file integrity
-v, --verbose verbose mode
-V, --version display version number
-1, --fast compress faster
-9, --best compress better
--rsyncable Make rsync-friendly archive
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Report bugs to.
VIM - Vi IMproved 7.2 (2008 Aug 9, compiled Apr 5 2012 10:17:55)
usage: vim [arguments] [file..] edit specified file(s)
or: vim [arguments] - read text from stdin
or: vim [arguments] -t tag edit file where tag is defined
Arguments:
-- Only file names after this
-v Vi mode (like "vi")
-e Ex mode (like "ex")
-s Silent (batch) mode (only for "ex")
-y Easy mode (like "evim", modeless)
-R Readonly mode (like "view")
-Z Restricted mode (like "rvim")
-m Modifications (writing files) not allowed
-M Modifications in text not allowed
-b Binary mode
-C Compatible with Vi: 'compatible'
-N Not fully Vi compatible: 'nocompatible'
-V[N][fname] Be verbose [level N] [log messages to fname]
-n No swap file, use memory only
-r List swap files and exit
-r (with file name) Recover crashed session
-L Same as -r
-T Set terminal type to
-u Use instead of any.vimrc
--noplugin Don't load plugin scripts
-p[N] Open N tab pages (default: one for each file)
-o[N] Open N windows (default: one for each file)
-O[N] Like -o but split vertically
+ Start at end of file
+ Start at line
--cmd Execute before loading any vimrc file
-c Execute after loading the first file
-S Source file after loading the first file
-s Read Normal mode commands from file
-w Append all typed commands to file
-W Write all typed commands to file
-h or --help Print Help (this message) and exit
--version Print version information and exit
Usage: awk [POSIX or GNU style options] -f progfile [--] file...
Usage: awk [POSIX or GNU style options] [--] 'program' file...
POSIX options: GNU long options:
-f progfile --file=progfile
-F fs --field-separator=fs
-v var=val --assign=var=val
-m[fr] val
-O --optimize
-W compat --compat
-W copyleft --copyleft
-W copyright --copyright
-W dump-variables[=file] --dump-variables[=file]
-W exec=file --exec=file
-W gen-po --gen-po
-W help --help
-W lint[=fatal] --lint[=fatal]
-W lint-old --lint-old
-W non-decimal-data --non-decimal-data
-W profile[=file] --profile[=file]
-W posix --posix
-W re-interval --re-interval
-W source=program-text --source=program-text
-W traditional --traditional
-W usage --usage
-W use-lc-numeric --use-lc-numeric
-W version --version
To report bugs, see node `Bugs' in `gawk.info', which is
section `Reporting Problems and Bugs' in the printed version.
gawk is a pattern scanning and processing language.
By default it reads standard input and writes standard output.
Examples:
gawk '{ sum += $1 }; END { print sum }' file
gawk -F: '{ print $1 }' /etc/passwd
Usage: basename NAME [SUFFIX]
or: basename OPTION
Print NAME with any leading directory components removed.
If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Examples:
basename /usr/bin/sort Output "sort".
basename include/stdio.h.h Output "stdio".
Report basename bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page:
General help using GNU software:
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'basename invocation'
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